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| 1836 |
| | | HMS Beagle reaches Falmouth, in Cornwall, after a voyage of five years, and Charles Darwin brings with him a valuable collection of specimens | |
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| 1836 |
| | | Louis Agassiz builds a hut on the Aar glacier in Switzerland and succeeds in recording gradual movement of the ice | |
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| 1840 |
| | | Swiss scientist Louis Agassiz argues, in his Study on Glaciers, that much of Europe was recently in the grip of an ice age | |
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| 1842 |
| | | Austrian physicist Christian Doppler explains the acoustic effect now known by his name | |
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| 1843 |
| | | Swiss naturalist Louis Agassiz completes his pioneering Poissons Fossiles ('Fossil Fish'), classifying more than 1500 categories | |
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| 1845 |
| | | British archaeologist Henry Layard, in his first month of digging in Iraq, discovers the Assyrian city of Nimrud | |
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| 1846 |
| | | A dentist in Boston, William Morton, uses ether as an anaesthetic while surgeon John Collins Warren removes a tumour in a patient's neck | |
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| 1847 |
| | | Scottish obstetrician James Simpson uses anaesthetic (ether, and later in the year choloroform) to ease difficulty in childbirth | |
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| 1847 |
| | | English mathematician George Boole describes Boolean algebra in his pamphlet Mathematical Analysis of Logic | |
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| 1848 |
| | | Scottish physicist William Thomson, later Lord Kelvin, proposes the 'absolute' scale of temperature | |
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